4/30

1. Civil war- a conflict between two groups within the same country, followed their deaths
    Julius Caesar- military leader; joined forces with Crassus, a wealthy Roman, and Pompey, a popular general; Caesar was elected consul in 59 B.C. for the next ten years; genius military strategist ; was in the government as consul, governor, and dictator
    triumvirate- a group of three rulers
    Augustus- "exalted one" Octavian- Caesar's grandnephew, became an unchallenged ruler of Rome; became the one and only ruler of Rome
    Pax Romana- "Roman Peace" included more than 3 million square miles and was populated by 60 to 80 million people and about 1 million people lived in the city of Rome itself

3. Some factors that led to the fall of the Roman Republic were Caesar going into office and becoming an outstanding ruler, than eventually his grandnephew became leader for ten years. He drove his allies apart and took over as a single, undefeated ruler

4. Successful governing was because of the efficient government and able rulers, as well as agriculture and trade

5. To distract the masses of Rome the government provided free games, races, mock battles, and gladiator contests

4/26

Rome conquers Italy- grew slowly but steadily. Legions battled for control on the Italian peninsula
by the fourth century B.C. the Romans dominated central Italy. by 265 B.C. Romans ruled almost all of Italy
Rome's Commercial Network- location gave it easy access to the riches of the lands ringing the Mediterranean Sea. Roman merchants moved by land and sea. traded Rome wine and olive oil for a variety of foods, raw materials and manufactured goods form other lands. Carthage was one of few enemies in the Romans' way
War with Carthage- in 264 B.C. Rome and Carthage went to war- Punic Wars- between 264 and 146 B.C. Rome and Carthage fought three wars, 1. for control over Sicily and western Mediterranean-lasted 23 years- Carthage lost, 2. began in 218 B.C.- led by 29 year old mastermind, Hannibal-wanted to avenge Carthage's last defeat
Hannibal- assembled an army of 50,000 infantry and 9,000 cavalry, an 60 elephants with the intent of capturing Rome
Rome Triumphs- Scipio devised a plan to attack Carthage - forced Hannibal to return to defend his native city- 202 B.C. at Zama near Carthage, the Romans finally defeated Hannibal
During the third Punic War- Rome laid siege to Carthage. In 146 B.C. Rome's Mediterranean empire stretched from Anatolia in the east and Spain in the west

1. republic- a from of government in which power rest in the citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders- only given to free- born male citizens
    patrician- wealthy landowners  who held most of the power; inherited their power and social status;claimed ancestry gave them the authority to make laws for Rome
    plebeian- the common farmers, merchants, and artisans who made up the majority of the population 
     tribune- protected the rights of the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician officials
     consul- command the army and directed the government; term was 1 year; could over rule, or veto the other's decisions
      senate- aristocratic branch of Rome's government. had both legislative and administrative functions- 300 members
      dictator- leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army; term was 6 months
       legions- 5,000 armed foot soldiers(infantry) divided into small groups of 80 (century) cavalry were groups of soldiers on horseback
       Punic Wars- a series of wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 B.C. to 146 B.C. B.C. Rome and Carthage fought three wars, 1. for control over Sicily and western Mediterranean-lasted 23 years- Carthage lost, 2. began in 218 B.C.- led by 29 year old mastermind, Hannibal-wanted to avenge Carthage's last defeat. 3. Rome laid siege to Carthage. In 146 B.C. Rome's Mediterranean empire stretched from Anatolia in the east and Spain in the west

      Hannibal-  assembled an army of 50,000 infantry and 9,000 cavalry, an 60 elephants with the intent of capturing Rome 

3. Limits on the Roman Consul were: only a one year term and could not be elected again for another ten years. there were two consuls

4. The significance of the twelve tablets was that it was an important victory for the plebeians was to force the creation of a written law code, which helped the plebeians from being taken advantage of by the patricians

5. Hannibal's attack on Roe was daring and different because he led his men on a long trek from Spain across France and through the Alps

4/25

• 509 B.C. Rome becomes a republic 
• 264 B.C. the first Punic war begins
• 218 B.C. In the second Punic war, Hannibal invades Italy
• 31 B.C. Octavian defeats the forces of Antony and Cleopatra 
• 284 A.D. Diocletian becomes emperor of Rome
• 476 A.D. Western Roman Empire falls
•  Rome grew from a small settlement to a mighty civilization that eventually conquered the Mediterranean world
• Rome is one of the most famous and influential empires in history
• According to Legend the city of Rome of founded in 753 B.C. by Romulus and Remus, twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin Princess
• Rome was built on seven rolling hills at a curve on the Tiber River near the center of the Italian Peninsula. midway between the Alps and Italy's southern tip
• near the midpoint of the Mediterranean Sea
• The First Romans- The earliest settlers on the Italian peninsula arrived in prehistoric times

From 1000 to 500 B.C. three groups inhabited the region and eventually battled for control

They were the Latins, the Greeks, ant the Etruscans

The Latins built the original settlement at Rome

A cluster of wooden huts on top of Palatine Hills were considered the first settlers of Rome

750 to 600 B.C. the Greeks established colonies along southern Italy and Sicily, they became prosperous and commercially active

• The Early Republic-

A republic is a form of government in which power rests within citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders 

600 B.C. an Etruscan became king of Rome- the last king of Rome was Tarquin the Proud

Patrician- wealthy landowners who held most of the power; inherited power and social status

Plebeians- the common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population; citizens of Rome with the right to vote

tribunes- representatives formed by the plebeians; protected the rights of the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician officials

Patricians often interpreted the law to fit their own wants and needs since the law wasn't written down

451 B.C. a group of ten officials started writing down Rome's laws

laws were carved on twelve tablets; established the idea that all free citizens had a right to the protection of the law

consuls- commanded the army and directed the government

senate- aristocratic branch of Rome's government;  had both legislative and administrative functions 

dictator- leader with absolute power to make laws and command the army 

legions- Roman soldiers were organized into military units

4/24

Well, you got the Etruscans and the Greeks

But the Latins came first

To the shores of the River Tiber

They drained a swamp

Next thing you know

Livin’ in Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome

Now Tarquin’s kinda proud

But he got a little loud

They turned around and ran that tyrant outta town

Next thing you know

No kings no more

Happened in Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome

 

Hey, we got three governments rolled into one

Patricians and plebeians havin’ some fun

Two consuls gotta be better than one

Brand new republic ready to run

Democracy

Aristocracy

Plus monarchy

Not a tyranny

Ho-o-o-old up, wait a minute, do I see what I think I… hey!

That’s a Roman legion clear as day

5000 soldiers (not in it for pay)

Group of eighty’s a century

On horseback is the cavalry

Shield, sword, dagger, and armor and tunic

Fightin ’gainst Carthage in wars that are Punic

Hannibal riding on elephant back

Crossing the Alps just to launch his attack

So now you get the picture

All the rich are getting richer

And they’re livin’ on the latifundia

Farmers can’t cope

They’re low on hope

They moved to Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome

I can hear the brothers Gracchus

Sayin, “Rich, please don’t attack us!”

“We got a feeling that the senators will whack us”

They hit the floor

Next thing you know

It’s civil war, war, war, war, war, war, war, war

Hey, let me take you back to 60 BC

It’s the start of the rise of Julius C

He grabbed two dudes and he formed a team

It’s a triumvirate -- that’s a group of three

“Crassus (come on), Pompey (come on), I’m JC! (come on)

We three will rule!

What you think I'm playin, baby girl?  I'm the man!

I'm conquering Gaul!”

All of his soldiers gave him their devotion

That’s why he swept over Gaul just like an ocean

Pompey couldn’t understand all the commotion

When he crossed the Rubicon, he kept up motion

It’s just like a potion

Caesar had self-locomotion

Power’s an ambitious emotion

Dictator is not a demotion

It’s a promotion

But in 44 BC

On a day called March 15 (Ides of March)

Brutus and the Senate murdered Julius C

He hit the floor

Next thing you know

Caesar’s no more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more

You know he’s so depressed

23 stab wounds in his chest

He saw his friend and he raised one last protest

“Et tu, Brute?” (Et tu, Brute?)

That’s what he say

Cuz he felt low, low, low, low, low, low, low, low

 

Only eighteen, Octavian makin’ the scene

He says, “I tell you what,

Got a new triumvirate

Here’s my boy Lepidus

And Mark Antony I trust”

(‘Til Marky met this chick

Cleopatra from Egypt)

Octavian was freakin’

Lust for power started peakin’

“Don’t try to play me or my navy,

At Actium you won’t slay me”

“O” won that game

Did explain

Now Augustus was his name

All his subjects did proclaim

He’s in the Roman Hall of Fame

Twenty-seven BC

For a couple hundred years (207)

Pax Romana is the word that brings the cheers

They’re on a roll

They built some roads

Leading to Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome

Slaves don’t have many rights and

Then there’s gladiator fightin’ (Ow!)

People find the Circus Maximus excitin’

Blood on the floor (knee-deep in gore)

And now you know

All about Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome

(C'mon!)

4/12

Today's test went pretty well I would think. I am pretty sure I did not do have bad. I am pretty sure that I definitely got a few wrong, but that is alright. I just do not want my grade lowered by a test, but whatever happens, happens. I just want to go to sleep now, but I have to do some volunteering service things tonight and I really do not want to today. I guess I have to though. I think I am getting sick and it is not coming in good timing because of Easter break. I just want to be able to do whatever over Easter break without having to worry about throwing up.

4/11

Today in class we reviewed for the test. There are a few questions that I need to study, but I think I will do good on the test. We are now looking at the black hole. Apparently we figured out how to take pictures of black holes. I did not about this until a few hours ago. There is also a huge bug. It looks so gross and I am kind of scared. We opened a window and now I am cold. The black hole is apparently fifty five million light years away. That is an insane amount of time. It looks pretty cool but I am still confused how they were able to get a picture of it.

4/10

I finished all of the section review assignments. I now have nothing to do for the rest of the mod, so that is good. I am probably going to study and make sure I have have all the information I need for the test. It is only Wednesday. I just want it to be the weekend already. I am also very tired because I did not get home until eleven O'clock last night because I was in the spring concert. I just want to go to sleep, but I sadly have two more mods and stuff to do after school before I can go home and sleep. At least today has felt kind of short.

4/8

Hellenistic- Culture blended with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences
Alexandria- the center of Hellenistic civilization- enable trade ships to come in giving Alexandria a rich mixture of customs
Euclid- highly regarded mathematician who taught in Alexandria
Archimedes- Hellenistic scientist of Syracuse who studied at Alexandria- accurately calculated pi and explained the law of the lever
Colossus of Rhodes- large bronze statue that stood on the island of Rhodes and stood more than 100 feet high and later was sold for scrap

Trade contributed to cultural diversity in the Hellenistic city of Alexandria because it became an international community with a rich mixture of customs.

Euclid influenced some of the developments in Astronomy during the Hellenistic period because he created some of the mathematical bases that are needed in astronomy

What Stoicism and Epicureanism had in common was that Gods ruled the universe

4/5

Today I have nothing to do because I already did it yesterday. I am going to do my homework for English. I am tired and do not feel like doing anything, but I have so much homework to do so I am going to work on that. I want to go home, but luckily it is Friday, so I have the whole weekend to get somethings done. I have things to do this weekend but I will have to find time to my work. I am looking forward to going to bed tonight.

4/4

1.  Philip II- became king of Macedonia at 23 years old- brilliant general and ruthless politician- transformed rugged peasants into a well-trained army- organized troops in phalanxes of 16 men across and deep, each one armed with an 18 foot pike, used to break through enemy lines and then used cavalry to crush his opponent

Macedonia-  located just north of Greece, with rough terrain and a cold climate- hardy people who lived in mountain villages- thought of themselves as Greeks

Alexander the Great- 20 year old king - well prepared to lead- under Aristotle's teaching

Darius III- vowed to crush the invaders by raising an army of 50,000 and 75,000 men

        3.   Philip II was able to concur Greece by using his phalanxes to get through enemy lines and then use Cavalry to crush his disorganized opponents.

         4.    Alexander continued Philip II's campaign of conquest after achieving his goal because he wanted to expand his empire.

          5.    Alexander's empire after his death continued through three ambitious leaders; Antigonus, who took control over Greece and became king of Macedonia; Ptolemy, who seized Egypt and became a Pharaoh and formed a dynasty; Seleucus, who took over most old Persian Empires.

4/2

• Direct Democracy- a form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives 
• Classical art- Greek values of harmony, order, balance, and proportion
• tragedy- a serious drama about common themes such as love, war, or betrayal- character usually had a fatal flaw called hubris  -Sophocles wrote tragedies- Oedipus Rex
• comedy- contained scenes filled with slapstick situations and crude humor- Aristophenes- Lysistrata
• Peloponnesian War- between the two city-states Athens and Sparta. Athens had a stronger navy, and Sparta had a stronger army. Its location inland meant that it could not easily be attacked by sea 
• philosopher- determined thinkers seeking truth no matter where the search led them
• Socrates- a critic of Sophists- did not believe that absolute standards exist for truth and justice, he encouraged Greeks to question themselves and their moral character
• Plato- a student of Socrates- late 20's- wrote down the conversations of Socrates 
•  Aristotle- questioned the nature of the world and of human belief, thought and knowledge
• Pericles increased the number of public officials who were paid salaries.
• Athens' strategy was to avoid land battle with the Spartans and wait for an opportunity to strike from the sea. The Spartans' strategy was to march into Athenian territory and destroy their food supply
• Some people thought it was disturbing because he forced them to think about their values in life.

Presentations

Today in class we watched another presentation. It was a good presentation. It was about the Greek Olympics. It was very informative. The videos were pretty funny.  There was supposed to be another presentation, but a person was sick and the other person did not have any of the stuff needed to present. We are eating the food they brought in, but that is it. Mr. Schick's wife liked our video of me riding my horse.