- Defined as the number of males per hundred females in the population
- developed countries have more females than males because they tend to live about seven years longer than men.
-The Demographic Transition
- Why natural increase rises and falls
1. stage 1: Low Growth
marked by very high birth and death rates
no long term natural increase
no country is presently in stage one
2. stage 2: High Growth
rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates
high natural increase
Europe and North America entered stage 2 as a result of the industrial revolution (~1750)
3. stage 3: Moderate Growth
marked by rapid decline in birth rates and steady death rates
natural increase is moderate
gap between CBR and CDR is narrower in stage three countries than stage two countries
population grows because CBR is still greater than CDR
4. stage 4: Low Growth
marked by very low birth and death rates
no long term natural increase and possibly a decrease
country reaches stage four when population gains by CBR are diminished by losses because of CDR
condition known as zero population growth (ZPG)
demographers more precisely defined ZPG as the TFR that produces no population change population change results from immigration
- Declining Birth Rates
- two successful strategies for lowering birth rates
- improve education and health care
emphasizes improving local economic conditions so that increase wealth is allowed to education and health programs seeking lower birth rate
2. Contraception
more immediate results reaped than pervious approach
met with greater resistance because it goes against culture and religious beliefs
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